Climate change is based on long-term shifts in weather and temperature. In the past, it was considered natural due to solar explosions and volcanic eruptions. However, after the 1800s, the main driver of climate change was the human factor. Greenhouse gas emissions are released into the air by burning oil, gas and coal. These greenhouse gases wrap around the Earth and keep the heat of the sun and increase the temperature in the world. This is how climate change occurs. The increase in carbon dioxide and methane increases climate change. Vehicles emit high amounts of emissions. Also, forests are cut down to obtain new land areas, and coal is used for heating. All this increases carbon dioxide and methane gas, thereby leading to climate change.
Recently, the average temperature on Earth has been 1.2°C warmer than it was before the Industrial Revolution. It is often mistakenly understood that climate change is only about increasing temperatures and warming the air. However, the increase in temperature is only the beginning of the story. So, the world we live in is a system where everything is interconnected. An increase in temperature in one area will lead to different results in another area. Generally, climate change causes severe droughts, water scarcity, fires, sea level rise, floods, melting polar ice caps, catastrophic storms and loss of biodiversity. Energy, industry, transport, agriculture are the main sectors that generate greenhouse gases. 
Climate change affects people's health, food production, work life, and overall safety in all areas. There is no denying that climate change will have greater consequences in developing countries. People are at risk of hunger and thirst. It is expected that the number of displaced people will increase with the change of weather conditions in the future.
According to estimates made by scientists, the overall average temperature will increase by 3°C by the end of the century. In UN reports, scientists and government commentators agree that global temperature increases should be limited to no more than 1.5°C. The emissions that cause climate change come from every part of the world and touch everyone. However, several countries are at the top of this list. China, USA, India, European Union countries, Russia, Brazil and Indonesia are responsible for nearly 50 percent of greenhouse gas emissions. Everyone needs to take act on climate change, but it's only fair that those who emit the most should do more climate actions.
As it is understood, prevention of climate change formed as a result of the human factor is a very important issue. The human factor should be specially mentioned here, because we as humans cannot do anything about climate change, which is caused by natural means, for example explosions in the sun and volcanic eruptions. However, before the ever-increasing human factor becomes unstoppable, the world community must take certain steps. Because the world is the home of all humanity, and an unlivable home is undesirable. Everyone has responsibility in this matter, so everyone should act.
To reduce the emissions that cause climate change, the energy system needs to be reformed. So, preference should be given to renewable energy over fossil fuels - solar or wind energy over gas, coal and oil. Achieving a zero-emissions policy by 2050 requires massive reductions in the use of fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal. So, two-thirds of these resources should be stored underground so that it does not lead to a climate catastrophe. There are 3 broad categories of action for preventing climate change: cutting emissions, adapting to climate impacts and financing required adjustments.
The sphere of international relations is trying to find solutions to the problem of climate change. Because this problem is a global problem that covers the whole world and requires the combined efforts of all the countries of the world. This includes a number of global frameworks and agreements such as the Sustainable Development Goals, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement [1]. 
There are 2 types of approaches to climate change in international relations. The first of these is related to the political problems caused by climate change. It looks at the social and political challenges it poses, such as finding ways to cooperate and build institutions to combat climate change and ensure environmental security. The second approach is about the impact of social factors on the climate system: increased international and regional interactions, including the movement of people, goods, services and capital.
The first scientific and political cooperation in the issue of climate change was the creation of the World Meteorological Organization and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1988. In the results of the 1990 and 1995 reports of the IPCC emphasized the seriousness of the problem and called for international cooperation to promote global climate policy. The IPCC made the famous statement that “the balance of evidence suggests that there is a discernible human influence on global climate” (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 1996, Summary for Policymakers) in 1995. 
In the 1980s, global environmental problems such as stratospheric ozone depletion, climate change, and biodiversity loss came to the forefront of the international agenda. The end of the Cold War and the decrease in the importance of international security problems brought the climate issue to the forefront of the international agenda. In 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) was held in Rio de Janeiro. The topic of climate change and sustainable development was widely discussed at this conference. What made this conference so important was the signing of the Framework Convention on Climate Change. UNFCCC signatories gathered in Berlin in 1995 for the first conference of the parties, or COP1. The final document, known as the Berlin Mandate, laid the foundation for the Kyoto Protocol. In 1997, at COP3 in Japan, the Kyoto Protocol was held by major countries. The FCCC agreement applied a general framework without specified obligations. But the Kyoto protocol set a number of goals. It also imposed mandatory regulations on industrialized nations (Annex B countries) to achieve these goals. A new round of negotiations began in Buenos Aires (1998), Bonn (1999) and The Hague (2000) on the application and implementation of the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol.
At times, the international community has been slow to take action on climate change and faced obstacles. Thus, despite the fact that some countries have made commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, they delay implementing measures or do not implement these measures at all. While some countries are committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, others delay or avoid taking action, despite agreements made at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development and the Kyoto Protocol. Garrett Hardy's (1968) metaphor of “the tragedy of the commons” helps us understand that self-interest and unrestricted access will lead to the abuse of shared resources. This concept explains why some countries are slow to take appropriate steps on the climate issue. We can see the atmosphere as a general product. It is a collective product in everyone's hands. But carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are limited. When there are too many of them, they start to destroy the system.
Problems remain in conducting international cooperation on climate change, although many conferences have been held so far, conventions and agreements have been adopted. The first problem is that the states should work together and conduct international cooperation. Here comes the "Prisoner's Dilemma". Everyone working for their own interests will lead to bad results. Using the tactic of punishing non-cooperative parties can be effective in solving this problem. Implementing punitive measures will increase the number of cooperating parties. The second issue is the problem of the states following the rules and restrictions. International cooperation against environment and climate change requires compliance with regulations and limits to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But in an environment where states do not fear the consequences of not following these rules, these rules will be of no use. These two problems are closely related. Both problems must be solved in order to reach international agreements [2].
After the Kyoto Protocol, the most important climate agreement in world history was the Paris Climate Agreement. The Paris Agreement, signed by 195 nations in 2016, requires both developed and developing countries to set emission reduction targets, unlike past agreements. However, there are no coercive mechanisms here. The goal of the agreement is to keep the global temperature rise below 2°C and even try to keep it below 1.5 °C [3].
The European Union, which produces more than 98% of greenhouse gas emissions, and 194 countries have ratified or acceded to the Paris Agreement. Although Iran, Libya and Yemen signed the agreement, they did not ratify it. In 2017, US President Donald Trump announced that he would withdraw from the agreement and delivered an official notice to the United Nations, saying that it put "draconian financial and economic burdens " on the US, and withdrew from the agreement in 2020. But in 2021, Joe Biden joined the Paris agreement again [4].
The UNFCCC is an agreement between 197 countries and the European Union. Its purpose is to prevent the dangerous anthropogenic impact on the climate system and stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations. The UNFCCC is an "umbrella" agreement. In other words, other decisions are made and implemented based on it. The aforementioned Paris Agreement was also discussed at COP21 in 2015. The COP is the main decision-making body of the UNFCCC. It includes all parties that have agreed to participate in the UNFCCC and are bound by it. It is not by chance that it is called COP, i.e. "Conference of the Parties". It is held every year, where new measures are discussed and progress towards limiting climate change is reviewed. Basically, at the end of the conference, a public statement or agreement is accepted. For example, the UAE Consensus was agreed at COP28 in 2023. In 2024, COP29 will be held in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, on November 11-22. In addition to COP29, two important COP events will be held this year. The first of these is the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, dedicated to nature and biodiversity, which will be held in October. The second is the UN Convention to Combat Desertification, which will be held in December, in Saudi Arabia [5].
Dan Bodansky's article on climate change states that the effects of climate change on international relations are unpredictable. Here are 4 possible scenarios. The first scenario is the liberal institutionalized scenario. The Paris Agreement succeeds in limiting climate change. States are decarbonizing their economies by mid-century. Rich countries are helping poor and fossil fuel dependent countries to make this transformation. The transition to renewable energy means that countries can meet their own energy needs and conflicts are reduced. The success of the UN climate change regime increases confidence in international organizations.
The second scenario is a constructive scenario. Here, social movements are succeeding in changing public consciousness, winning lawsuits, and pressing corporations to decarbonize. As in the first scenario, climate change is relatively limited and does not have a huge impact on international relations. However, unlike that, the change here is not from top to bottom but from bottom to top. That is, it does not happen thanks to international organizations. International organizations are mired in procedural disputes, becoming increasingly irrelevant. It loses its prestige and influence.
The third scenario is a realistic approach. Powerful countries that take measures to reduce emissions impose trade sanctions on weaker countries. This increases economic nationalism and trade wars. Emissions remain high and temperatures rise by 3° C or more. As sea levels rise, some states will be wiped off the map, while others will experience droughts and floods. This in turn leads to massive civil wars and migration. In countries with large numbers of climate migrants, ultra-nationalist countries come to power and try to close the borders. Growing trends of nationalism and populism weaken international institutions.
The last scenario is that the international community continues to muddle on climate change. States continue to take random steps to mitigate and adapt to climate change. An increase in temperature causes undesirable natural phenomena: forest fires, droughts and so on. Climate change increases international tensions but does not fundamentally change international relations.
It is impossible to say for sure which of these scenarios will come true. But one thing is certain, climate change will weaken countries that export fossil fuels and whose economies depend on them. And nations rich in renewable energy resources and the rare resources (such as lithium and cobalt) needed to produce such resources will grow stronger [6].
 
 
Bibliography:

1. What is Climate Change? – https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-climate-change
2. Luterbacher, U., Sprinz, D.F., editors, International Relations and Global Climate Change. – Cambridge & London: The MIT Press, 2001, pp. 4-15
3. 1992-2023 UN Climate Talks. – https://www.cfr.org/timeline/un-climate-talks
4. Paris Agreement. – www.treaties.un.org.
5. “What is COP?”, Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership (CISL). -  https://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/cop-climate-change-conference
6. Bodansky, D. Climate Change and the Future of Geopolitics. 2021. -   https://global.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/perry-world-house/Bodansky_ClimateGeopol.pdf

    
Summary. Climate change is one of the prominent issues of the 21st century and of international importance. Thus, its aggravation will increase the number of natural disasters occurring on our planet, and the climate pattern we are used to will change. All mankind and states have a role in its occurrence, so it is everyone's responsibility. Otherwise, the number of conflicts and wars in the world will increase. Climate migration will increase ultra-nationalism, causing some states to close their borders and others to collapse economically and socially. However, the current and future generations should live in a world where they can live in prosperity as the goal of the concept of sustainable development. Since the solution of this issue requires international cooperation, a great burden falls on international organizations. It is necessary to create political, social institutionalization, government and non-government organizations, and they should jointly and fairly think of adequate solutions to problems and implement it.
 The 1980s, the issue of climate change has become an object of discussion at international forums. With the establishment of the World Meteorological Organization and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the first institutionalized steps were taken to address the issue of climate change. The United Nations has signed the Framework Agreement on Climate Change and since 1995 Climate Change Conferences have been held every year (in 2020 it was not held due to the corona pandemic). The Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement are the most important acts in the field of climate change in the international arena. There are various possible theories to what extent international cooperation will be beneficial and how it will change the system of international relations.
 
   
Резюме. Изменение климата является одной из важных проблем XXI века и имеет международное значение. Таким образом, его обострение увеличит количество стихийных бедствий, происходящих на нашей планете, и привычная нам климатическая картина изменится. Все человечество и государства играют свою роль в его возникновении, поэтому это ответственность каждого. В противном случае количество конфликтов и войн в мире увеличится. Климатическая миграция усилит ультранационализм, заставив некоторые государства закрыть свои границы, а другие потерпеть экономический и социальный крах. Однако нынешнее и будущие поколения должны жить в мире, где они могут жить в процветании, как цель концепции устойчивого развития. Поскольку решение этого вопроса требует международного сотрудничества, большая нагрузка ложится на международные организации. Необходимо создать политическую, социальную институционализацию, правительственные и неправительственные организации, и они должны совместно и справедливо думать об адекватных решениях проблем и реализовывать их.
1980-е годы, проблема изменения климата стала предметом обсуждения на международных форумах. С созданием Всемирной метеорологической организации и Межправительственной группы экспертов по изменению климата были предприняты первые институционализированные шаги по решению проблемы изменения климата. Организация Объединенных Наций подписала Рамочное соглашение об изменении климата, и с 1995 года ежегодно проводятся конференции по изменению климата (в 2020 году она не проводилась из-за пандемии коронавируса). Киотский протокол и Парижское соглашение являются важнейшими актами в области изменения климата на международной арене. Существуют различные возможные теории относительно того, в какой степени международное сотрудничество будет полезным и как оно изменит систему международных отношений.