ПРАВО И ПОЛИТОЛОГИЯ / страница:
Nasrin SULEYMANLI (Azerbaijan),
doctor in political science, associate professor of the department
of International relations and foreign policy of the
Academy of Public Administration under
the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan
AZERBAİJAN'S GROWİNG ROLE AND DİRECTİONS İN ENSURİNG İNTERNATİONAL ENERGY SECURİTY
One of the main directions of partnership between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the European Union is energy security. Recently energy security has become a priority issue for Europe, and Azerbaijan — with abundant hydrocarbon resources and routes to global markets — is an important partner in this field. Consequently, energy security is a key component of Azerbaijan–EU cooperation. Western actors consider Azerbaijan one of their significant energy suppliers. [9, p.564]
The Memorandum of Understanding on Strategic Partnership in the Energy Field, signed during President Ilham Aliyev’s visit to Brussels on 7 November 2006, expanded the energy dialogue. Its aims include securing and diversifying EU energy supplies, developing and modernizing Azerbaijan’s energy infrastructure, improving energy efficiency, and promoting renewable energy use. At the meetings, European Commission President José Manuel Barroso and High Representative Javier Solana emphasized the importance of relations with Azerbaijan and regarded the new Neighbourhood Policy as a new phase in cooperation. [11, p.248]
Therefore, a broad and multifaceted cooperation base exists between Azerbaijan and the EU; José Manuel Barroso’s visit to Azerbaijan in 2011 demonstrated this dynamic development and the success of Azerbaijani foreign policy [12, p.111].
The official visit of European Commission President José Manuel Barroso to Azerbaijan featured extensive discussions on energy security, political and economic cooperation, and new prospects for Azerbaijan–EU relations. It was emphasized that such visits provide fresh momentum to bilateral ties and help strengthen cooperation with EU institutions, demonstrating both sides’ interest in deepening relations.
At the press conference, President Ilham Aliyev described the talks as comprehensive and constructive, noting that the parties discussed economic cooperation, political reforms, regional security, diversification of energy transportation routes, and the settlement of the Armenia–Azerbaijan Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. He underlined the shared intention to further strengthen the partnership in the coming years.
During the visit, the signing of the Joint Declaration on the Southern Gas Corridor, the Memorandum of Understanding on the 2011–2013 National Indicative Program, and the Memorandum on the institutional capacity-building framework confirmed the mutual interest in expanding cooperation.
Ultimately, strengthening ties between the EU and Azerbaijan serves the interests of both sides [26]. The EU seeks a safer and more sustainable energy network, launching efforts to reduce dependence on single external suppliers—particularly Russia—by creating new routes and diversifying production sources [4, p.512]. Given Europe’s high energy demand, the search for alternative suppliers is fully logical. Russia remains an important partner, yet it would be incorrect to assume that this partnership is exclusively positive [14].
Against this background, the European Union turned to alternative energy suppliers, identifying Azerbaijan as its most reliable partner. To understand this reliability, it is essential to consider the historical foundations of Azerbaijan’s energy policy.
After the adoption of the Constitutional Act on Independence, international interest in Azerbaijan’s natural resources increased, and the Caspian basin attracted global attention alongside Russia and Iran. Independence created favorable conditions for new regional partnerships, largely due to the Caspian’s rich hydrocarbon reserves and the region’s geopolitical importance. For Europe, the United States, Russia, and major Asian states, Azerbaijan was regarded as a key regional actor because of its geopolitical position and energy resources. From 1993 onwards, expanding economic ties and energy cooperation with European, regional, and U.S. partners became one of Azerbaijan’s foreign policy priorities [8, p.550].
In October 1993, Heydar Aliyev declared Azerbaijan’s readiness to cooperate with states interested in its oil resources. His strategy aimed to involve Western countries, the United States, Japan, as well as regional powers such as Russia, Turkey, and Iran. The reasons included the limited ability of a newly independent state to exploit oil and gas fields alone, the need for foreign investment and modern technology, incomplete consolidation of sovereignty, the occupation of Azerbaijani territories, and the necessity to balance Russia’s and Iran’s positions on the division of the Caspian Sea. Building international partnerships was also critical amid the conflict with Armenia.
Western Europe and the United States were the first to show interest in Azerbaijan’s hydrocarbon resources. Azerbaijan, in turn, sought to strengthen its independence, implement socio-economic reforms, convey the truth about the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict to the global community, and pursue joint projects with Russia, Turkey, Iran, Ukraine, and Georgia regarding the use of Caspian oil. Ensuring neutrality of some states and aligning others’ interests with Azerbaijan’s national priorities was of strategic importance [5, pp.551–552].
These developments culminated in the signing of the “Contract of the Century” on 20 September 1994 at the Gulustan Palace between SOCAR and a consortium of foreign companies, concerning the joint development of Caspian offshore oil fields [6, p.11]. The agreement covered the exploration and development of the deep-water sections of the Azeri, Chirag, and Gunashli fields; 80% of the net revenues were allocated to Azerbaijan and 20% to the investors.
National Leader Heydar Aliyev clearly understood that the “Contract of the Century” would lay the foundation for a new stage in Azerbaijan’s independence. Prioritizing sovereign statehood and pursuing balanced domestic and foreign policies, he ensured the successful implementation of this landmark agreement.
After the signing, the key issue became the safe and efficient transportation of Azerbaijan’s oil resources to global markets. The first export route, the Baku–Novorossiysk pipeline, was formalized on 18 February 1996 in Moscow. Russia recognized Azerbaijan’s full ownership rights over its oil in the second clause of the agreement, and in 1997 Azerbaijani oil began reaching world markets via the northern route. The launch of this pipeline underscored the need for additional export options, reducing the risk of economic dependence on any single country.
The next important step toward building an East–West energy corridor was the Baku–Supsa pipeline. An agreement was reached on 8 March 1996 in Tbilisi, and the project envisaged transporting oil from the Azeri, Chirag, and Gunashli fields. Operational since 1999, Baku–Supsa provided two major advantages: it enabled the export of “Azeri Light” crude and offered lower transportation costs compared to the Baku–Novorossiysk route. The emergence of this new alternative further strengthened Azerbaijan’s energy security.
Another strategic aspect of the project was the establishment of a foundation for Azerbaijan–Georgia energy cooperation. The commissioning of Baku–Supsa paved the way for major regional projects such as the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan (BTC) and Baku–Tbilisi–Erzurum pipelines. Its safe and efficient operation also increased investor confidence and encouraged foreign investment.
After the BTC pipeline reached full operational capacity, the Baku–Novorossiysk route continued to be used mainly for transporting oil produced by SOCAR and its joint ventures with foreign partners. “Transneft” operates the Russian segment of the pipeline, while SOCAR operates the Azerbaijani section.
The signing of the “Contract of the Century” initiated a fundamental transformation in Azerbaijan’s economy. The modernization of the “Chirag-1” platform to Western standards in 1995, the installation of new drilling equipment, and the export of the first profit oil in 1999 were key milestones. Although the Baku–Novorossiysk and Baku–Supsa routes were operational, there was a pressing need for a new pipeline capable of transporting larger volumes to Europe.
Heydar Aliyev persistently negotiated with world leaders, government heads, and oil company executives to implement a strategic trans-communication corridor through Turkey — the BTC pipeline. Despite opposition from various actors attempting to promote alternative routes, the support of the United States, the unity of Azerbaijan, Turkey, and Georgia, and the unwavering determination of the National Leader turned BTC into reality — a project many had once deemed impossible.
At the 1999 OSCE Istanbul Summit, with the participation of U.S. President Bill Clinton, the Presidents of Azerbaijan, Turkey, and Georgia — Heydar Aliyev, Süleyman Demirel, and Eduard Shevardnadze — signed the agreement on the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline. The agreement held strategic importance for strengthening Azerbaijan’s cooperation with European states and enhancing its regional influence. The foundation of the BTC project was laid on 18 September 2002, and the pipeline was put into operation on 13 July 2006. It became a crucial energy bridge linking Azerbaijan to the West, while the united position of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, the United States, and the EU on oil transportation significantly contributed to regional security cooperation.
The realization of the BTC — bearing the name of National Leader Heydar Aliyev — represented a key outcome of his long-term oil strategy. Often called the “Legend of the Three Seas,” and one of the world’s largest export pipelines, BTC strengthened Azerbaijan’s role in Europe’s energy security and deepened both economic and political ties. Strategically, it boosted Azerbaijan’s position in Eurasia and made the country a leader in the South Caucasus. In the future, the pipeline will not only transport Azerbaijani oil to global markets but also serve as a major energy corridor for Turkic and Silk Road states. The project has played a significant role in shaping new international partnerships and reinforcing Azerbaijan’s foreign policy.
On 7 November 2006, the European Union and Azerbaijan signed the Memorandum of Understanding on a Strategic Partnership in the Field of Energy, forming one of the key legal foundations of their energy relations. The memorandum defined four priorities: approximation of Azerbaijani legislation to EU standards; strengthening energy security from the Caspian to Europe; developing comprehensive energy management and renewable energy policy in Azerbaijan; and enhancing technical exchange and cooperation. Ensuring the EU’s energy diversification and supporting the modernization of Azerbaijan’s energy sector constituted the main goals of the memorandum.
The memorandum played an important role in deepening cooperation with the Euro-Atlantic community, primarily by promoting projects aimed at transporting Caspian energy resources to Europe and thus reinforcing EU energy security.
Azerbaijan was also the initiator of the first alternative gas export route from the Caspian basin to Europe — the Baku–Tbilisi–Erzurum (BTE) pipeline. This strategically important project opened new export routes for global gas markets. The significance of BTE has grown further amid Europe’s efforts to reduce its dependence on Russian natural gas and the discovery of major new gas fields in the Azerbaijani and Turkmen sectors of the Caspian Sea.
The implementation of the Baku–Tbilisi–Erzurum (BTE) gas pipeline was accompanied by several key historical steps. On 12 March 2001, during Heydar Aliyev’s official visit to Türkiye, an agreement on supplying Azerbaijani gas to Türkiye was signed. On 29 September the same year, Azerbaijan and Georgia concluded a transit and transportation agreement in Baku. The pipeline, with a capacity of 20 bcm and a length of 971 km, quickly became a project of strategic importance [21].
Initially designed to deliver gas from the Shah Deniz field to Georgia, Türkiye and later Europe, the BTE pipeline became operational in 2006. From late 2007, it connected with the Türkiye–Italy gas system, providing direct access to European markets. This significantly strengthened Azerbaijan’s geopolitical position within the East–West energy corridor [7, p.153].
The launch of Shah Deniz-1 and BTE improved energy security for both Azerbaijan and Georgia. Russia, which had long dominated regional energy flows, viewed this alternative route with concern, fearing the loss of its ability to purchase Caspian gas at low prices and exert political pressure. Its 2003 agreement to buy almost all Turkmen gas at domestic Russian prices until 2009 illustrated this approach, similar to its practices with Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
The IV Energy Summit held in Baku in November 2008 reaffirmed international support for alternative routes delivering Caspian gas to Europe. The summit stressed the importance of EU–Azerbaijan cooperation under the Southern Gas Corridor, and its final declaration supported Azerbaijan’s role in European energy security. The Energy Summit in Budapest in January 2009 marked another step forward [7, pp.154-155].
The Shah Deniz field not only met domestic demand but transformed Azerbaijan into a gas exporter. International cooperation and regional coordination ensured the smooth implementation of the project. BTE also paved the way for the Shah Deniz Phase 2 development and the construction of TANAP and TAP, which enabled large-scale gas exports to Europe and further increased European interest in Azerbaijan’s gas resources.
The commissioning of the Baku–Tbilisi–Erzurum (BTE) pipeline initiated a new stage in the Caspian region’s alternative gas export strategy. It enabled the safe and independent delivery of Caspian gas to Europe, altering the region’s previous geopolitical balance and providing producer countries with export routes less dependent on Russia. The project also stimulated the development of future pipelines essential for Europe’s energy security.
On 14 September 2017, a renewed agreement on the joint development of the Azeri, Chirag and Guneshli (ACG) fields was signed in Baku by SOCAR, BP, Chevron, Inpex, Itochu, Statoil, ExxonMobil, TP and ONGC Videsh. BP remained the operator, and the Azerbaijani Parliament ratified the agreement on 31 October. Under the new terms, Azerbaijan’s stake increased from 11% to 25%, and the share of profit oil allocated to the country was set at 75%, ensuring strong protection of national interests [2, pp.252–253].
The new contract, signed on the 23rd anniversary of the “Contract of the Century,” extended the development of the ACG block until 2050. President Ilham Aliyev emphasized that both the 1994 contract and the renewed agreement fully aligned with national interests. Foreign partners are expected to pay Azerbaijan a $3.6 billion bonus, with SOCAR’s AzACG company participating as a contractor [1, pp. 368–369].
The “Contract of the New Century” became a turning point in Azerbaijan’s statehood, strengthening the country’s international reputation and consolidating its role as a reliable energy partner. This success is rooted in Heydar Aliyev’s oil strategy and has been effectively continued by President Ilham Aliyev.
Azerbaijan’s rich energy resources significantly increased its importance for the European Union, particularly as an alternative supplier reducing the EU’s dependence on Russian energy. With future pipeline projects and expanded transit opportunities under China’s “Belt and Road Initiative,” Azerbaijan is poised to become a key hub for both energy and broader cargo transit.
The achievements of the 1994 “Contract of the Century” carry through to today’s energy initiatives. The Southern Gas Corridor strengthened regional cooperation and reinforced Azerbaijan’s credibility as a dependable partner. Throughout the process, Azerbaijan has maintained a balanced approach in its cooperation with both Russia and Western states.
Before the Southern Gas Corridor, the NABUCCO project was widely discussed but failed due to insufficient financing and the withdrawal of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan under Russian pressure. In contrast, the successful implementation of TANAP and TAP demonstrated Azerbaijan’s strong national will and its capability to implement large-scale strategic projects [13]. The signing of the declaration and subsequent construction of TANAP and TAP marked the key stages of this major initiative [2, pp. 251–252].
The Southern Gas Corridor (SGC) consists of four main segments: the full development of the Shah Deniz gas-condensate field, the expansion of the South Caucasus Pipeline (SCPX), the Trans-Anatolian Pipeline (TANAP), and the Trans-Adriatic Pipeline (TAP).
On 26 June 2012, key terms for gas export via TANAP were agreed. Together with Shah Deniz-2, SCPX, and TAP, TANAP forms the integrated Southern Gas Corridor [17, p. 153].
On 28 June 2013, the Shah Deniz consortium selected TAP for exporting Azerbaijani gas to Europe. TAP was preferred over NABUCCO-WEST due to its shorter route, which reduced costs. The final investment decision for Shah Deniz-2 was signed on 17 December 2013, and the foundation-laying ceremony took place in 2014. President Ilham Aliyev emphasized the project’s strategic importance for Europe’s energy map and its broad benefits for participating states [7, pp. 161–164].
By transporting oil and gas through Turkey to Europe, Azerbaijan secured efficient export routes and strengthened Turkey’s strategic position. Neighboring states, including Georgia, Turkey, and several European countries, also benefit from the project [19].
During the 2014 foundation ceremony, Bulgarian President R. Plevneliev highlighted the pipeline’s role in reducing Europe’s energy dependence. Some political parties and NGOs attempted to obstruct the project citing environmental and cultural heritage concerns, similar to the BTC construction phase.
The Southern Gas Corridor (SGC) ensures the safe and efficient transport of Caspian gas to Europe, comprising the Shah Deniz field, the South Caucasus Pipeline, TANAP, and TAP.
In 2014, the South Stream and Turkish Stream projects were halted by the EU and Turkey. President Ilham Aliyev established a Consultative Council of energy ministers to oversee the project, held annually since 2015 [22].
The official inauguration took place on 29 May 2018 at the 25th Caspian Oil & Gas Exhibition, where President Aliyev highlighted the project’s strategic role in energy security [20].
TAP was completed in 2020, and TANAP in 2019, providing Azerbaijan with a key route for gas exports to Europe, enhancing European energy security, and boosting Azerbaijan’s international influence [23, 25].
The project positions Azerbaijan as a strategic transit country, strengthens diplomatic ties with major powers, increases state budget revenues, and consolidates Azerbaijan’s role as a stable, resource-rich, and economically growing partner in the region.
In 2021, Azerbaijan and the European Union highlighted energy security as a key priority. Since 2015, the Southern Gas Corridor (SGC) Consultative Council has held annual meetings in Baku, with nine sessions from 2015 to 2023; in 2023, the Green Energy Consultative Council was also organized [21].
In November 2023, a strategic partnership meeting took place in Budapest between Azerbaijan, Georgia, Hungary, and Romania on green energy development and transmission. By 2024, gas supply to Europe reached 12.9 billion m³, a 57 % increase compared to 2021.
The April 2025 SGC Council meeting noted that the corridor currently supplies gas to 12 countries, with plans for further expansion [27]. Six new wells at the Shah Deniz field are planned in 2025, aiming to double European gas exports to 20 billion m³ by 2027.
Baku hosted the COP29 Climate Summit in 2024. Azerbaijan presented initiatives on energy agreements, green energy corridors, and hydrogen zones. In April 2025, the SGC and Green Energy Council highlighted the integration of 1.5 GW of new renewable energy projects into the grid by 2030 and emphasized affordable gas transit. Additionally, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, and Bulgaria signed a memorandum of understanding on a joint Green Energy Corridor [27].
In June 2024, a memorandum on partnership in green energy projects was signed between Azerbaijan, Hungary, Georgia, and Romania. This multilateral agreement opened new opportunities for the integration of regional energy infrastructure.
Today, Azerbaijan is not only a strategic gas supplier for Europe but also a regional leader in green energy transit. Revenues from the oil and gas sector support economic diversification and infrastructure development. With planned volume increases by 2025 and the financing of new energy corridors, Azerbaijan–EU relations are expanding and deepening beyond the gas sector. Through energy diplomacy, the country is strengthening its regional and global influence.
Conclusion
EU–Azerbaijan relations are developing within the context of new geopolitical realities. As a result, one of the main pillars of the partnership between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the European Union is energy security, with the Southern Gas Corridor serving as an alternative energy supply route for the EU. Azerbaijan is also interested in exporting its gas to the European Union. Despite its location in a complex geopolitical environment, Azerbaijan’s energy strategy, originally laid by the National Leader Heydar Aliyev, is being successfully implemented by President Ilham Aliyev through foresight, effective decision-making, and a coordinated action plan. This foreign policy course has positioned Azerbaijan as a reliable partner both regionally and globally.
Azerbaijan’s growing role in the global energy system, its unique place in transnational energy markets, and its active participation in Europe’s energy security significantly strengthen its global, regional, geopolitical, and geoeconomic standing. Relations between Caspian littoral states, particularly Azerbaijan, and Europe based on energy resources will remain relevant and important for many years. Currently, seven countries participate in the Southern Gas Corridor: Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, Bulgaria, Greece, Albania, and Italy. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Montenegro have expressed interest in joining the project, and Azerbaijan views this positively. This development is also expected to boost trade turnover between these countries and Azerbaijan.
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Nasrin SULEYMANLI (Azerbaijan),
doctor in political science, associate professor of the department
of International relations and foreign policy of the
Academy of Public Administration under
the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan
AZERBAİJAN'S GROWİNG ROLE AND DİRECTİONS İN ENSURİNG İNTERNATİONAL ENERGY SECURİTY – THE MAİN SEGMENTS OF THE SOUTHERN GAS CORRİDOR
Summary. The observed processes of the international relations system prove that energy security continues to be the number one agenda topic of the world political discourse today. Taking into account this actual factor, the increasing need for energy in Europe, the abundance of energy resources of the Caspian basin in light of the difficulties it has experienced in recent years with regard to energy supply, Azerbaijan, as a state, has implemented a constructive policy over the years in various regional and global projects, and the international relations system in the issues that are on the agenda of world politics. acting as an active, as well as responsible and reliable member, in the context of the reality, increased the work of Azerbaijan becoming an important factor in Europe's energy security.
Also, with the Caspian states, especially with the victory of Azerbaijan in the war and the increase of its power and influence in the region, relations between Azerbaijan and Europe on the basis of energy resources will maintain the relevance and importance for many years to come.
Насрин СУЛЕЙМАНЛЫ (Азербайджан),
доктор философии по политическим наукам,
доцент кафедры Международных отношений и внешней политики
Академии Государственного Управления
при Президенте Азербайджанской Республики
РАСТУЩАЯ РОЛЬ И НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА В ПРОЦЕССЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ – ОСНОВНЫЕ СЕГМЕНТЫ ЮЖНОГО ГАЗОВОГО КОРИДОРА
Резюме. Наблюдаемые процессы в системе международных отношений доказывают, что энергетическая безопасность сегодня продолжает оставаться темой номер один в повестке дня мирового политического дискурса. Принимая во внимание этот актуальный фактор, растущую потребность в энергии в Европе, обилие энергоресурсов Каспийского бассейна в свете испытываемых в последние годы трудностей с энергоснабжением, Азербайджан как государство проводит конструктивную политику. на протяжении многих лет в различных региональных и глобальных проектах, а также в системе международных отношений по вопросам, стоящим на повестке дня мировой политики.выступая в качестве активного, а также ответственного и надежного участника, в контексте реальности, увеличил работу превращения Азербайджана в важный фактор энергетической безопасности Европы.
Также, с прикаспийскими государствами, особенно с победой Азербайджана в войне и ростом его мощи и влияния в регионе, отношения между Азербайджаном и Европой на основе энергетических ресурсов сохранят актуальность и значение на долгие годы вперед.
